![]() It appears at the end of your paper, usually with a hanging indent applied to each entry. Reference lists and bibliographiesĪ reference list (aka “Bibliography” or “Works Cited,” depending on the style) is where you provide full information on each of the sources you’ve cited in the text. NoteSome special Latin terms are also used in in-text citations, such as “ et al.” (used for multiple authors) and “ ibid.” (used for repeated citations). Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (London: John Murray, 1859), 510. Example: Note citation (Chicago)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps.” 1 1. Since they’re not embedded in the text itself, these citations can provide more detail and sometimes aren’t accompanied by a full reference list or bibliography. There are also note citation styles, where you place your citations in either footnotes or endnotes. Example: Numerical citation (Vancouver)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps” (1, p. 510).Īn alternative to this type of in-text citation is the system used in numerical citation styles, where a number is inserted into the text, corresponding to an entry in a numbered reference list. Example: Parenthetical citation (APA)Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps” (Darwin, 1859, p. In-text citations most commonly take the form of parenthetical citations featuring the last name of the source’s author and its year of publication (aka author-date citations). You can also use the interactive tool below to explore the format for various source types in both styles. MLA article for a comparison of two of the most popular styles. If in doubt, check with your instructor or read other papers from your field of study to see what style they follow. There are many other citation styles for different disciplines.Chicago author-date, used in the (social) sciences. ![]() Chicago notes and bibliography, common in the humanities.APA Styleis widely used in the social sciences and beyond.Make sure to pick one style and use it consistently: In some cases, you may have to choose a citation style for yourself. Usually, your institution (or the journal you’re submitting to) will require you to follow a specific citation style, so check your guidelines or ask your instructor. This is information that you can assume most people know, such as the fact that Tokyo is the capital city of Japan. NoteYou usually don’t need to cite common knowledge. That includes websites, YouTube videos, and lectures. As well as citing scholarly sources like books and journal articles, don’t forget to include citations for any other sources you use for ideas, examples, or evidence. You can use the paraphrasing tool if you don’t want to do this manually.Ĭitations are needed whether you quote or paraphrase, and whatever type of source you use. It’s important that the paraphrase is not too close to the original wording. To paraphrase a source, put the text into your own words.To quote a source, copy a short piece of text word for word and put it inside quotation marks.This usually means quoting or paraphrasing: ![]()
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